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Psychedelic Drug Effects, Side Effects & Dangers

Even lower doses of LSD are popular for recreational use or group events in which the user wishes to remain in contact with their surroundings. Although LSD was most widely used and therefore has led to the greatest number of HPPD cases, it is clear that other hallucinogens also can evoke the syndrome. For example, Espiard et al. reported HPPD in an 18-year-old man after mixed intoxication with psilocybin and cannabis. Ikeda et al. reported flashbacks after use of 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) by a 35-year-old man without a previous psychiatric history. He had used the substance six or seven times over 5 months but discontinued it after he had a bad trip, with anxiety, palpitations, auditory oversensitiveness, and visual distortions. Another case study described a 33-year-old woman who developed HPPD after LSD use for a year.

Flashbacks consist of experiences that typically occurred while under the influence of the drug, but they occur without actually taking the drug. It appears that a little over 4 percent of individuals who chronically used hallucinogens or psychedelic drugs develop this disorder. Factors such as dosage, environment, and personality play a role in how psychedelics affect people. In the study by Vollenweider et al. , effective doses of psilocybin produced a global increase of CMRglu, with significant and most marked increases in the frontomedial and frontolateral cortex (24.3%), ACC (24.9%), and temporomedial cortex (25.3%).

The effects of psychedelics can last several hours and vary a lot, depending on the type of psychedelic used. The former Colorado prosecutor who decided to undergo psychedelic therapy for a severe mental health crisis that was triggered by a home invasion. It emphasized brief and repeated synthesizer lines with minimal rhythmic changes and occasional synthesizer atmospherics, with the aim of putting listeners into a trance-like state. A writer for Billboard magazine writes, "Trance music is perhaps best described as a mixture of 70s disco and 60s psychedelia". Derived from acid house and techno music, it developed in Germany and the Netherlands with singles including "Energy Flash" by Joey Beltram and "The Ravesignal" by CJ Bolland.

It’s common for people who use even a very small dose of PCP to encounter psychotic breaks lasting the rest of their life. This is a popular party drug due to its intense psychedelic experience and short duration. Its common name is “laughing gas” because one of the most common side effects is intense laughter.

There are others that are focused on mental processing states, such as promoting Alpha, Beta, and Theta brainwaves. Holotropic breathing is a technique of breathwork developed by psychiatrists Stanislav and Christina Grof in the 1970s. It was designed as a way to create a semi-psychedelic experience for the purpose of self-growth and healing, without the need for psychoactive substances. Overdoses have been reported, but in general, it’s thought this psychedelic has low chances of causing any major side effects when used in the correct dose. In the event of an overdose, trip killers like benzodiazepines have been shown to effectively reverse the effects.

Gatch et al. trained male Sprague-Dawley rats under an FR10 food-reinforced paradigm to discriminate DMT (5 mg/kg) from saline and then tested the ability of LSD, R-(−)-DOM, (+)-methamphetamine, and racemic MDMA to substitute in these rats. DMT also was evaluated for drug-appropriate responding in rats trained to discriminate LSD, DOM, MDMA, or (+)-methamphetamine from saline. LSD, DOM, and MDMA all fully substituted in DMT-trained rats, but (+)-methamphetamine failed to substitute. In rats trained to discriminate LSD from saline, only DOM fully substituted, and DMT and MDMA only partially substituted. When rats were trained to discriminate MDMA from saline, LSD and (+)-methamphetamine fully substituted, but DMT and DOM only partially substituted. In rats trained to discriminate (+)-methamphetamine from saline, only MDMA fully substituted.

By contrast, the mGlu2/3 antagonist LY had no effect on stimulus control by PCP, and the training dose of PCP was significantly, but incompletely, antagonized by the mGlu2/3 agonist LY379268. The general functions of the genes induced by LSD are varied, and little is known for some genes mentioned above. Psychedelic A common theme linking the transcriptional changes, however, appears to be an effect on synaptic plasticity. For example, Ania3 is a splice variant within the Homer1 gene family that encodes synaptic proteins, and Ania3 has been implicated in metabotropic glutamate receptor –mediated plasticity.

DOM, LSD, and MDMA produced full substitution in DMT-trained rats, but DMT produced full substitution only in DOM-trained rats. After a detailed analysis of stimulus generalization between the various drugs, the authors concluded that DMT produces a discriminative stimulus that is similar to, but not completely overlapping with, LSD, DOM, and MDMA. Wittmann et al. reported that high-dose psilocybin led to significant under-reproduction of time intervals 4 seconds and longer. Psilocybin significantly impaired the subject’s ability to reproduce interval durations longer than 2.5 seconds, and it impaired the ability to synchronize to interbeat interval durations longer than 2 seconds. High-dose psilocybin also slowed the personal preferred tapping rate to 949 milliseconds from a baseline of 692 milliseconds but had no effect on the maximum tapping rate. At the time of peak of effects, high-dose psilocybin impaired spatial span task performance as indexed by span length.